It is FDA approved for people 18 and over who have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. There are other criteria for use that your physician and diabetes care team can provide. An alternative to injections is the pump.
The pump is a computerized device, about the size of a beeper or pager, often worn on a belt or in a pocket. The pump delivers a continuous low basal dose through a cannula a flexible plastic tube , which attaches to the body through a small needle inserted into the skin. The cannula is taped in place and the needle is removed. Common insertion sites on the body include the thighs, buttocks, abdomen, upper arms, and other areas with fatty tissue.
When a person wearing a pump eats, she pushes a button on the pump to deliver an extra amount, called a bolus, to provide insulin for their food. One Pager [PDF]. We are working to provide technology that is small, user-friendly and accurate, so that people with type 1 diabetes T1D can get through the day without needing to check blood-sugar levels or dose insulin as often. Join in the movement to persuade insurance companies to provide predictable and reasonable costs for insulin, freedom to choose your pump, and coverage for artificial pancreas systems.
We value your privacy. Administration of insulin was reported in [ ] but is not practical so not taken up for further development. There is a long history of research focusing on identifying a route of administration for insulin that is minimally or noninvasive, effective, safe, convenient and cost-effective for patients.
Each route and delivery method has its own potential advantages and disadvantages. Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Int J Pharm Investig. Rima B. Shah , 1 Manhar Patel , 2 David M. Maahs , and Viral N. David M. Viral N. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. E-mail: ude. E-mail: moc. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Many patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus T2DM and all patients with T1DM require insulin to keep blood glucose levels in the target range. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, inhaled insulin, insulin delivery, oral insulin, technology, closed-loop system, artificial pancreas.
Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Table 1 The advantages and disadvantages of insulin delivery methods. Insulin pen Insulin injections using vial and syringe are limited by inconvenience and inaccuracy in preparing the insulin dose. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion More physiologic delivery of insulin has been a long-standing goal.
Sensor-augmented pump therapy With the improvements in continuous glucose monitors CGM , it has become feasible to combine two technologies pump and CGM in the management of diabetes. Sensor-augmented pump with low glucose suspend or threshold suspend pump Hypoglycemia is the most feared acute complication of insulin therapy in patients with T1DM. ORAL INSULIN The oral route of insulin administration may be the most patient-friendly way of taking insulin and it could more closely mimic physiological insulin delivery more portal insulin concentration than peripheral.
Rectal route Rectal gels[ ] and suppositories[ ] showed fair results. Intra-tracheal Administration of insulin was reported in [ ] but is not practical so not taken up for further development. Footnotes Source of Support: Nil. IDF Diabetes Atlas. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation; The Global Burden.
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Sovik O, Thordarson H. Dead-in-bed syndrome in young diabetic patients. Syringes remain a common method of insulin delivery. Syringes vary by the amount of insulin they hold and the size of the needle. Traditionally, needles used in insulin therapy were Recent research shows that smaller 8 mm, 6 mm, and 4 mm needles are just as effective, regardless of body mass.
This means insulin injection is less painful than it was in the past. Insulin is injected subcutaneously, which means into the fat layer under the skin. In this type of injection, a short needle is used to inject insulin into the fatty layer between the skin and the muscle. Insulin should be injected into the fatty tissue just below your skin. If you inject the insulin deeper into your muscle, your body will absorb it too quickly, it might not last as long, and the injection is usually more painful.
This can lead to low blood glucose levels. People who take insulin daily should rotate their injection sites. This is important because using the same spot over time can cause lipodystrophy. In this condition, fat either breaks down or builds up under the skin, causing lumps or indentations that interfere with insulin absorption.
You can rotate to different areas of your abdomen, keeping injection sites about an inch apart. Or you can inject insulin into other parts of your body, including your thigh, arm, and buttocks. The preferred site for insulin injection is your abdomen. Insulin is absorbed more quickly and predictably there, and this part of your body is also easy to reach.
Select a site between the bottom of your ribs and your pubic area, steering clear of the 2-inch area surrounding your navel. These can interfere with the way your body absorbs insulin. Stay clear of broken blood vessels and varicose veins as well. You can inject into the top and outer areas of your thigh, about 4 inches down from the top of your leg and 4 inches up from your knee.
Before injecting insulin, be sure to check its quality. If it was refrigerated, allow your insulin to come to room temperature. If the insulin is cloudy, mix the contents by rolling the vial between your hands for a few seconds. Be careful not to shake the vial. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water. Be sure to wash the backs of your hands, between your fingers, and under your fingernails. Hold the syringe upright with the needle on top and pull the plunger down until the tip of the plunger reaches the measurement equal to the dose you plan to inject.
Remove the caps from the insulin vial and needle.
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